A qualitative study of experiences with physical activity among people receiving opioid agonist therapy

Background

Physical or mental health commorbidities are common among people with substance use disorders undergoing opioid agonist therapy. Exercise provides many health benefits and can be used both as a preventive and treatment strategy. However, exercise programs for people with substance use disorders on opioid agonist therapy are limited. This study aims to explore their experiences with physical activity, as well as the perceived barriers and facilitators.

Method

Fourteen qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals receiving opioid agonist therapy in outpatient clinics in Western Norway.

Results

Most were males in the age range 30 to 60 years. Participants had diverse and long-term substance use histories, and most received buprenorphine-based opioid agonist therapy. The identified themes were:

(1) Physical limitations: Participants experienced health-related problems like breathing difficulties, pain, and reduced physical function.

(2) Social dynamics: Social support was essential for participating in physical activities and many argued for group exercises, but some were concerned about the possibility of meeting persons influenced by substances in a group setting, fearing temptations to use substances.

(3) Shift in focus: As participants felt the weight of the health burden, their preference for activities shifted from sports aiming for “adrenaline” to a health promoting focus.

(4) COVID-19’s impact on exercise: because of the pandemic, group activities were suspended, and participants described it as challenging to resume.

(5) Implementation preferences in clinics: Not interfering with opioid medication routines was reported to be essential.

Conclusion

This study provides helpful information for creating personalized exercise plans to improve the health and well-being of patients on opioid agonist therapy. The findings highlight the importance of considering social factors, overcoming physical challenges, and using a practical and effective exercise program.